Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 2 , Pages 117-125 , April 2006

Epidemiology of cerebral palsy

References 

  1. Stanley FJ, Blair E, Alberman E. What are the cerebral palsies?. In: Cerebral palsies: epidemiology and causal pathways. London: MacKeith Press; 2000;p. 8–13
  2. Palisano R, Rosenbaum P, Walter S, Russell D, Wood E, Galuppi B. Development and reliability of a system to classify gross motor function in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1997;39:214–223
  3. Croen LA, Grether JK, Curry CJ, Nelson KB. Congenital abnormalities among children with cerebral palsy: more evidence for prenatal antecedents. J Pediatr. 2001;138:804–810
  4. Blair E, Watson L, Badawi N, Stanley FJ. Life expectancy among people with cerebral palsy in Western Australia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43:508–515
  5. Badawi N, Watson L, Petterson B, Blair E, Slee J, Haan E, et al. What constitutes cerebral palsy?. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1998;40:520–527
  6. Blair E, Stanley F. Interobserver agreement in the classification of cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1985;27:615–622
  7. Evans P, Johnson A, Mutch L, Alberman E. A standard form for reporting clinical findings in children with a motor deficit of central origin. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1989;31(1):119–127
  8. SCPE Collaborative Group. Surveillance of cerebral palsy in Europe: a collaboration of cerebral palsy surveys and registers. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:816–824
  9. Blair E. Trends in cerebral palsy. Indian J Pediatr. 2001;68:433–438
  10. Razdan S, Kaul RL, Motta A, Kaul S, Bhatt RK. Prevalence and pattern of major neurological disorders in rural Kasmir (India) in 1986. Neuroepidemiology. 1994;13:113–119
  11. Okan N, Okan M, Eralp Ö, Aytekin AH. The prevalence of neurological disorders among children in Gemlik (Turkey). Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995;37:597–603
  12. Liu JM, Li S, Lin Q, Li Z. Prevalence of cerebral palsy in China. Int J Epidemiol. 1999;28:949–954
  13. Blair E. The undesirable consequences of controlling for birthweight in perinatal epidemiologic studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1996;50:559–563
  14. Blair E, Stanley F. Intrauterine growth and spastic cerebral palsy. I. Association with birth weight for gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990;162:229–237
  15. Himmelmann K, Hagberg G, Beckung B, Hagberg B, Uvebrant P. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden. IX. Prevalence and origin in the birth-year period 1995–1998. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:287–294
  16. Petterson B, Blair E, Watson L, Stanley F. Adverse outcome after multiple pregnancy. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;12:1–17
  17. Scher AI, Petterson B, Blair E, Ellenberg JH, Grether JK, Haan E, et al. The risk of mortality or cerebral palsy in twins: a collaborative population-based study. Pediatr Res. 2002;52:671–681
  18. Stanley FJ, Blair E, Alberman E. The special case of multiple pregnancy. In: Cerebral palsies: epidemiology and causal pathways. London: MacKeith Press; 2000;p. 109–123
  19. Stanley FJ, Blair E, Alberman E. Post neonatally acquired cerebral palsy: incidence and antecedents. In: Cerebral palsies: epidemiology and causal pathways. London: MacKeith Press; 2000;p. 124–137
  20. Cans C, McManus V, Crowley M, Guillem P, Platt MJ, Johnson A, et al. Cerebral palsy of post-neonatal origin: characteristics and risk factors. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2004;18:214–220
  21. Hagberg B, Hagberg G, Beckung E, Uvebrant P. Changing panorama of cerebral palsy in Sweden, VIII. Prevalence and origin in the birth year period 1991–94. Acta Paediatr. 2001;90:271–277
  22. Blair E, Stanley F. Causal pathways to cerebral palsy. Curr Paediatr. 2002;12:179–185
  23. Stanley FJ, Blair E, Alberman E. Possibilities for the prevention of the cerebral palsies: social and medical factors. In: Cerebral palsies: epidemiology and causal pathways. London: MacKeith Press; 2000;p. 138–175
  24. Blair E, Stanley F. New thoughts on the aetiology of cerebral palsy. In:  Sturdee D,  Oláh K,  Purdie D,  Keane D editor. The yearbook of obstetrics and gynaecology. London: RCOG Press; 2002;p. 357–367
  25. Meberg A, Broch H. A changing pattern of cerebral palsy. Declining trend for incidence of cerebral palsy in the 20-year period 1970–89. J Perinat Med. 1995;23:395–402
  26. Blair E. Paediatric implications of IUGR with special reference to cerebral palsy. In:  Kingdom J,  Baker P editor. Intrauterine growth restriction: aetiology and management. London: Springer; 2000;p. 351–366
  27. Blair E. Gold is not always good enough: the shortcomings of randomisation when evaluating interventions in small heterogeneous populations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2004;57(12):1219–1222
  28. Nelson KB, Grether JK. Can magnesium sulfate reduce the risk of cerebral palsy in very low birthweight infants?. Pediatrics. 1995;95:263–269
  29. Grether JK, Hoogstrate J, Walsh-Greene E, Nelson KB. Magnesium sulfate for tocolysis and risk of spastic cerebral palsy in premature children born to women without preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183:717–725
  30. Mittendorf R, Dambrosia J, Pryde PG, Lee KS, Gianopoulos JG, Besinger RE, et al. Association between the use of antenatal magnesium sulfate in preterm labor and adverse health outcomes in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:1111–1118
  31. Crowther C, Hillier J, Doyle L, Haslam R. Effect of magnesium sulfate given for neuroprotection before preterm birth. JAMA. 2003;290(20):2669–2676
  32. Greenwood C, Yudkin P, Sellers S, Impey L, Doyle P. Why is there a modifying effect of gestational age on risk factors for cerebral palsy?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F141–F146
  33. Duley L, Gülmezoglu A, Henderson-Smart D. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2003;
  34. Blair E, Palmer L, Stanley F. Cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants, pre-eclampsia and magnesium sulfate (letter). Pediatrics. 1996;97:780–781
  35. Halliday H, Ehrenkranz R, Doyle L. Early postnatal (<96 hours) corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2003;
  36. Halliday H, Ehrenkranz R, Doyle L. Delayed (>3weeks) postnatal corticosteroids for chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2003;
  37. Doyle L, Halliday H, Ehrenkranz R, Davis P, Sinclair J. Impact of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on mortality and cerebral palsy in preterm infants: effect modification by risk for chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):655–661
  38. Murase M, Ishida A. Early hypocarbia of perterm infants: its relationship to periventricular leukomalacia and cerebral palsy and its perinatal risk factors. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(1):85–91
  39. Collins M, Lorenz J, Jetton J, Paneth N. Hypocapnia and other ventilation-related risk factors for cerebral palsy in low birth weight infants. Pediatr Res. 2001;50(6):712–719
  40. Klinger G, Beyenne J, Shah P, Perlman M. Do hyperoxaemia and hypocapnia add to the risk of brain injury after intrapartum asphyxia?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:F49–F52
  41. Jacobs S, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi W, Inder T, Davis P. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2003;
  42. Akisu M, Huseyinov A, Yalaz M, Cetin H, Kultursay N. Selective head cooling with hypothermia suppresses the generation of platelet-activating factor in cerebrospinal fluid of newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;69:45–50
  43. Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, Ballard R, Edwards AD, Ferriero DM, et al. Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9460):663–670
  44. Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson J, McDonald S, Donavan E, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1574–1584
  45. Wu YW, Colford JM. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy—a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2000;284:1417–1424
  46. Grether JK, Nelson KB, Walsh E, Willoughby RE, Redline RW. Intrauterine exposure to infection and risk of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:26–32
  47. Lahra MM, Jeffery HE. A fetal response to chorioamnionitis is associated with early survival after preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:147–151
  48. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Espinoza J. Micronutrients and intrauterine infection, preterm birth and the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. J Nutr. 2003;133:1668S–1673S
  49. Leitich H, Brunbauer M, Bodner-Adler B, Kaider A, Egarter C, Husslein P, et al. Antibiotic treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:752–758
  50. Nelson KB. Can we prevent cerebral palsy?. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1765–1769
  51. Clark SL, Hankins GDV. Temporal and demographic trends in cerebral palsy—fact and fiction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:628–633

PII: S1744-165X(05)00091-0

doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2005.10.010

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 2 , Pages 117-125 , April 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution