Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 5 , Pages 354-362 , October 2006

Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: A continuing story

  • Christian P. Speer

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +49 931 201 27830; fax: +49 931 201 27833.

References 

  1. Bland RD. Neonatal chronic lung disease in the post-surfactant era. Biol Neonate. 2005;88:181–191
  2. Vohr BR, Wright LL, Dusick AM, Mele L, Verter J, Steichen JJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, 1993–1994. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1216–1226
  3. Speer CP. Inflammation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin Neonatol. 2003;8:29–38
  4. Speer CP, Groneck P. Oxygen radicals, cytokines and adhesion molecules and lung injury in neonates. Semin Neonatol. 1998;3:219–228
  5. Speer CP, Groneck P. Inflammatory mediators in neonatal lung disease. In:  Bland R,  Coalson J editor. Chronic lung disease in early infancy. New York, Basel: Marcel Dekker; 2000;p. 147–157
  6. Speer CP. New insights into the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation in preterm infants. Biol Neonate. 2001;79:205–209
  7. Merritt TA, Cochrane CG, Holcomb K, Bohl B, Hallmann M, Strayer D, et al. Elastase and α1-proteinase inhibitor activity in tracheal aspirates during respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1983;72:656–666
  8. Arnon S, Grigg J, Silverman M. Pulmonary inflammatory cells in ventilated preterm infants: effect of surfactant treatment. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:44–48
  9. Groneck P, Goetze-Speer B, Oppermann M, Eiffert H, Speer CP. Association of pulmonary inflammation and increased microvascular permeability during the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a sequential analysis of inflammatory mediators in respiratory fluids of high risk preterm infants. Pediatrics. 1994;93:712–718
  10. Kotecha S, Chan B, Azam N, Silverman M, Shaw RJ. Increase in interleukin-8 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage of premature infants with chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child. 1995;72:F90–F96
  11. Ogden BE, Murphy SA, Saunders GC, Pathak D, Johnson JD. Neonatal lung neutrophils and elastase/proteinase inhibitor imbalance. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;130:817–821
  12. Jaarsma A, Braaksma MA, Geven WB, van Oeveren W, Oetomo SB, et al. Activation of the inflammatory reaction within minutes after birth in ventilated preterm lambs with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Biol Neonate. 2004;86:1–5
  13. Kotecha S, Mildner RJ, Prince LR, Vyas JR, Currie AE, Lawson RA, et al. The role of neutrophil apoptosis in the resolution of acute lung injury in newborn infants. Thorax. 2003;58:961–967
  14. Nazeeh H, Vasquez P, Pham P, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Laskin DL, et al. Mechanisms underlying reduced apoptosis in neonatal neutrophils. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:56–62
  15. Koenig JM, Stegner JJ, Schmeck AC, Saxonhouse MA, Kenigsberg LE. Neonatal neutrophils with prolonged survival exhibit enhanced inflammatory and cytotoxic responsiveness. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:424–429
  16. Murch SH, Costeloe K, Klein NJ, Rees H, McIntosh N, Keeling JW, et al. Mucosal tumor necrosis factor-α production and extensive disruption of sulfated glycosaminglycans begin within hours of birth in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res. 1996;40:484–489
  17. Urlichs F, Speer CP. Neutrophil function in preterm and term infants. Neo Rev. 2004;5:417–429
  18. Little S, Dean T, Bevin S, Hall M, Ashton M, Church M, et al. Role of elevated plasma soluble ICAM-1 and bronchial lavage fluid IL-8 levels as markers of chronic lung disease in premature infants. Thorax. 1995;50:1073–1079
  19. Kotecha S, Silverman M, Shaw RJ, Klein M. Soluble L-selectin concentrations in bronchoalveolar fluid obtained from infants who develop chronic lung disease. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:F143–F147
  20. Ramsay PL, O'Brian Smith E, Hegemier S, Welty SE. Early clinical markers for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: soluble E-selectin and ICAM-1. Pediatrics. 1998;102:927–932
  21. Kim BI, Lee HE, Choi CW, Jo HS, Choi EH, Koh YY, et al. Increase in cord blood soluble E-selectin and tracheal aspirate neutrophils at birth and the development of new bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Perinat Med. 2004;32:282–287
  22. Ballabh P, Simm M, Kumari J, Krauss AN, Jain A, Califano C, et al. Neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and effects of corticosteroids. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F76–F83
  23. D'Alquen D, Kramer BW, Seidenspinner S, Marx A, Berg D, Groneck P, et al. Activation of umbilical cord endothelial cells and fetal inflammatory response in preterm infants with chorioamnionitis and funisitis. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:263–269
  24. Clement A, Chadelat K, Sardet A, Grimfeld A, Tournier G. Alveolar macrophage status in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res. 1988;23:470–473
  25. Rindfleisch MS, Hasday JD, Taciak V, Broderick K, Viscardi RM. Potential role of interleukin-1 in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1996;16:365–373
  26. Wang H, Oei J, Lui K, Henry R. Interleukin-16 in tracheal aspirate fluids of newborn infants. Early Hum Dev. 2002;67:79–86
  27. Inwald DP, Costeloe K, Murch SH. High concentrations of GRO-α and MCP-1 in bronchoalveolar fluid of infants with respiratory distress syndrome after surfactant. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:F234–F235
  28. Murch SH, Costeloe K, Klein NJ, Mac Donald TT. Early production of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α occurs in respiratory distress syndrome and is associated with poor outcome. Pediatr Res. 1996;40:490–497
  29. Yi M, Jankov RP, Belcastro R, Humes D, Copland I, Shek S, et al. Opposing effect of 60% oxygen and neutrophil influx on alveologenesis in the neonatal rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170:1188–1196
  30. Kotecha S. Pathophysiology of chronic lung disease or prematurity. Biol Neonate. 2000;78:233–268
  31. Aaltonen R, Heikkinen T, Hakala K, Laine K, Alanen A. Transfer of proinflammatory cytokines across term placenta. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:802–807
  32. Groneck P, Schmale J, Soditt V, Stützer J, Goetze-Speer B, Speer CP. Bronchoalveolar inflammation following airway infection in preterm infants with chronic lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001;31:331–338
  33. Shimotake TK, Izhar FM, Rumilla K, Li J, Tan A, Page K, et al. Interleukin (IL)-1β in tracheal aspirates from premature infants induces airway epithelial cell IL-8 expression via an NF-κB dependent pathway. Pediatr Res. 2004;56:907–913
  34. Cao L, Liu C, Cai B, Jia X, Kang L, Speer CP, et al. Nuclear factor-kappa B expression in alveolar macrophages of mechanically ventilated neonates with respiratory distress syndrome. Biol Neonate. 2004;86:116–123
  35. Cheah FC, Winterbourn CC, Darlow BA, Mocatta TJ, Vissers MCM. Nuclear factor κB activation in pulmonary leukocytes from infants with hyaline membrane disease: associations with chorioamnionitis and Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:616–623
  36. Bourbia A, Cruz MA, Rozycki HJ. NF-{kappa}B in tracheal lavage fluid from intubated premature infants: association with inflammation, oxygen and outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2006;91:F36–F39
  37. Schmidt B, Cao L, Mackensen-Haen S, Kendziorra H, Klingel K, Speer CP. Chorioamnionitis and inflammation of the fetal lung. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:173–177
  38. Jones CA, Cayabyab RG, Kwong KY, Stotts C, Wong B, Hamdan H, et al. Undetectable interleukin (IL)-10 and persistent IL-8 expression early in hyaline membrane disease: a possible developmental basis for the predisposition to chronic lung inflammation in preterm newborns. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:966–975
  39. Kakkera DK, Siddiq MM, Parton LA. Interleukin-1 balance in the lungs of preterm infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Biol Neonate. 2004;87:82–90
  40. Baier RJ, Loggins J, Kruger TE. Interleukin-4 and 13 concentrations in infants at risk to develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia. BMC Pediatr. 2003;3:8
  41. Jonsson B, Li YH, Noack G, Brauner A, Tullus K. Down regulatory cytokines in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid from infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:1375–1380
  42. Nakatani-Okuda A, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Sekiyama A, Kubota A, Fujita Y, et al. Protection against bleomycin-induced lung injury by IL-18 in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;289:L280–L287
  43. Kwong KYC, Jones CA, Cayabyab R, Lecart C, Khuu N, Rhandhawa I, et al. The effects of IL-10 on proinflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1β and IL-8) in hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;88:105–113
  44. Welty SE. CC10 administration to premature infants: in search of the ‘silver bullet’ to prevent lung inflammation. Pediatr Res. 2005;58:7–9
  45. Miller TL, Shashikant BN, Pilan AL, Pierce RA, Shaffer TH, Wolfson MR. Effects of an intratracheally delivered anti-inflammatory protein (rhCC10) on physiological and lung structural indices in a juvenile model of acute lung injury. Biol Neonate. 2005;89:159–170
  46. Levine C, Gewolb IH, Allen K, Welch RW, Melby JM, Pollack S, et al. The safety, pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory effects of intratracheal recombinant human Clara cell protein in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res. 2005;58:15–21
  47. Merritt TA, Stuard ID, Puccia J, Edwards DK, Finkelstein J, Shapiro DL. Newborn tracheal aspirate cytology: classification during respiratory distress syndrome and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 1981;98:949–956
  48. Speer CP, Ruess D, Harms K, Herting E, Gefeller O. Neutrophil elastase and acute pulmonary damage in neonates with severe respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics. 1993;91:794–799
  49. Pierce RA, Albertine KH, Starcher BC, Bohnsack JF, Carlton DP, Bland RD. Chronic lung injury in preterm lambs: disordered pulmonary elastin deposition. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:L452–L460
  50. Alnahhas MH, Karathanasis P, Martich Kriss V, Pauly TH, Bruce MC. Elevated laminin concentrations in lung secretions of preterm infants supported by mechanical ventilation are correlated with radiographic abnormalities. J Pediatr. 1997;131:555–560
  51. Juul SE, Kinsella MG, Jackson JC, Truog WE, Standaert TA, Hodson WA. Changes in hyaluronan deposition during early respiratory distress syndrome in premature monkeys. Pediatr Res. 1994;35:238–243
  52. Murch SH, MacDonald TT, Walker-Smith JA, Levin M, Lionetti P, Klein NJ. Disruption of sulphated glycosaminoglycans in intestinal inflammation. Lancet. 1993;341:711–714
  53. Altiok O, Yasumatsu R, Bingol-Karakoc G, et al. Imbalance between cysteine proteases and inhibitors in a baboon model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;173:318–326
  54. Schock BC, Sweet DG, Ennis M, Warner JA, Young IS, Halliday HL. Oxidative stress and increased type-IV collagenase levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from newborn babies. Pediatr Res. 2001;50:29–33
  55. Cederquist K, Sorsa T, Tervahartiala T, et al. Matrix metalloproteinases-2, -8, and -9 and TIMP-2 in tracheal aspirates from preterm infants with respiratory distress. Pediatrics. 2001;108:686–692
  56. Curley AE, Sweet DG, MacMahon KJ, O'Connor CM, Halliday HL. Chorioamnionitis increases matrix metalloproteinase-8 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from preterm babies. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F61–F64
  57. Masumoto K, de Rooij JD, Suita S, Rottier R, Tibboel D, de Krijger RR. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases during normal human pulmonary development. Histopathology. 2005;47:410–419
  58. Cederqvist K, Haglund CAJ, Heikkilä P, Hollenberg MD, Karikoski R, Andersson S. High expression of pulmonary proteinase-activated receptor 2 in acute and chronic lung injury in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:831–836
  59. Saugstad OD. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and oxidative stress: are we closer to an understanding of the pathogenesis of BPD?. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:1277–1282
  60. Gerber CE, Bruchelt G, Stegmann H, Schweinsberg F, Speer CP. Presence of bleomycin-detectable free iron in the alveolar system of preterm infants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257:218–222
  61. Speer CP, Pabst M, Hedegaard HB, Rest RF, Johnston RB. Enhanced release of oxygen metabolites by monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to proteolytic enzymes: activity of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. J Immunol. 1994;133:2151–2156
  62. Kramer BW, Kramer S, Ikegami M, Jobe AH. Injury inflammation and remodelling in fetal sheep lung after intraamniotic endotoxin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002;283:L452–L459
  63. Saugstad OD. Oxidative stress in the newborn – a 30 years perspective. Biol Neonate. 2005;88:228–236
  64. Adams EW, Harrison MC, Counsell SJ, et al. Increased lung water and tissue damage in bronchopulmonary dysplasia. J Pediatr. 2004;145:503–507
  65. Brus F, van Oeveren W, Okken A, Bambang Oetomo S. Activation of the plasma clotting, fibrinolytic, and kinin-kallikrein system in preterm infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res. 1994;36:647–653
  66. Brus F, van Oeveren W, Okken A, Bambang Oetomo S. Activation of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes in preterm infants with severe idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:456–463
  67. Saugstad OD, Buo L, Johansen HT, et al. Activation of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system in respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Res. 1992;32:431–435
  68. Jaarsma AS, Braaksma MA, Geven WB, van Oeveren W, Oetomo SB. Early activation of inflammation and clotting in the preterm lamb with neonatal RDS: comparison of conventional ventilation and high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Pediatr Res. 2001;50:650–657
  69. Nupponen I, Pesonen E, Andersson S, et al. Neutrophil activation in preterm infants who have respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics. 2002;110:36–41
  70. Sitaru AG, Holzhauer S, Speer CP, Singer D, Obergfell A, Walter U, et al. Neonatal platelets from cord blood and peripheral blood. Platelets. 2005;16:203–210
  71. Grande JP. Role of transforming growth factor-β in tissue injury and repair. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997;214:27–40
  72. Bartram U, Speer CP. The role of transforming growth factor β in lung development and disease. Chest. 2004;125:754–765
  73. Sime PJ, Marr RA, Gauldie D, et al. Transfer of tumor necrosis factor-α to rat lung induces severe pulmonary inflammation and patchy interstitial fibrogenesis with induction of transforming growth factor-β1 and myofibroblasts. Am J Pathol. 1998;153:825–832
  74. Adcock KG, Martin J, Loggins J, Kruger TE, Baier RJ. Elevated platelet derived growth factor-BB concentrations in premature neonates who develop chronic lung disease. BMC Pediatr. 2004;4:10
  75. Kotecha S, Wangoo A, Silverman M, Shaw RJ. Increase in the concentration of transforming growth factor-β1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid before the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity. J Pediatr. 1996;128:464–469
  76. Lecart C, Cayabyab R, Bockley S, et al. Bioactive transforming growth factor-β in the lungs of extremely low birthweight neonates predicts the need for home oxygen supplementation. Biol Neonate. 2000;77:217–223
  77. Jónsson B, Li Y-H, Noack G, Brauner A, Tullus K. Downregulatory cytokines in tracheobronchial aspirate fluid from infants with chronic lung disease of prematurity. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:1375–1380
  78. Kunzmann S, Kramer BW, Jobe AH, Speer CP. Bedeutung von transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) und connective tissue factor (CTGF) in der Pathogenese der bronchopulmonalen Dysplasie (BPD). Z Geburtsh Neonatol. 2005;209:S2
  79. Danan C, Franco ML, Jarreau PH, et al. High concentrations of keratinocyte growth factor in airways of premature infants predicted absence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1384–1387
  80. Lassus P, Heikkila P, Andersson LC, von Boguslawski K, Andersson S. Lower concentration of pulmonary hepatocyte growth factor is associated with more severe lung disease in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2003;143:199–202
  81. Asikainen TM, Ahmad A, Schneider BK, White CW. Effect of preterm birth on hypoxia-inducible factors and vascular endothelial growth factor in primate lungs. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;40:538–546
  82. Tambunting F, Beharry KD, Waltzman J, Modanlou HD. Impaired lung vascular endothelial growth factor in extremely premature baboons developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease. J Invest Med. 2005;53:253–263
  83. Thebaud B, Ladha F, Michelakis ED, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy increases survival, promotes lung angiogenesis, and prevents alveolar damage in hyperoxia-induced lung injury: evidence that angiogenesis participates in alveolarization. Circulation. 2005;112:2477–2486
  84. Tsao PN, Wei SC, Chou HC, Su YN, Chen CY, Hsieh FJ, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005;39:461–465
  85. Wagenaar GT, ter Horst SA, van Gastelen MA, Leijser LM, Mauad T, van der Velden PA, et al. Gene expression profile and histopathology of experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia induced by prolonged oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004;36:782–801
  86. Rozycki HJ, Comber PG, Huff TF. Cytokines and oxygen radicals after hyperoxia in preterm and term alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002;282:L1222–L1228
  87. Coalson JJ. Experimental models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Biol Neonate. 1997;71:35–38
  88. Bonikos DS, Bensch KG, Ludwin SK, Northway WH. Oxygen toxicity in the new born: the effect of prolonged 100% O2 exposure on the lungs of new born mice. Lab Invest. 1975;32:619–635
  89. Warner BB, Stuart LA, Papes RA, Wispé JR. Functional and pathological effects of prolonged hyperoxia in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol. 1998;275:L110–L117
  90. Roberts FJ, Weesner KM, Bucher RJ. Oxygen-induced alterations in lung vascular development in the newborn rat. Pediatr Res. 1983;17:368–375
  91. Han RNN, Buch S, Tseu I, et al. Changes in structure, mechanics and insulin-like growth factor-related gene expression in the lungs of newborn rats exposed to air or 60% oxygen. Pediatr Res. 1996;39:921–929
  92. Chen Y, Martinze MA, Frank L. Prenatal dexamethasone administration to premature rats exposed to prolonged hyperoxia: a new rat model of pulmonary fibrosis (bronchopulmonary dysplasia). J Pediatr. 1997;130:409–416
  93. Maniscalco WM, Watkins RH, Roper JM, Staversky R, O'Reilly MA. Hyperoxic ventilated premature baboons have increased p53, oxidant DNA damage and decreased VEGF expression. Pediatr Res. 2005;58:549–556
  94. Muscedere JG, Mullen JBM, Gan K, Slutsky AS. Tidal ventilation at low airway pressures can augment lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:1327–1334
  95. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:294–323
  96. Albertine KH, Jones GP, Starcher BC, et al. Chronic lung injury in preterm lambs. Disordered respiratory tract development. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:945–958
  97. Tremblay L, Valenza F, Ribeiro SP, Li J, Slutsky AS. Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:944–952
  98. Thome U, Goetze-Speer B, Speer CP, Pohlandt F. Comparison of pulmonary inflammatory mediators in preterm infants treated with intermittent positive pressure ventilation or high frequency oscillatory ventilation. Pediatr Res. 1998;44:330–337
  99. May M, Ströbel P, Seidenspinner S, Marx A, Speer CP. Apoptosis and proliferation in lungs of stillborn fetuses and ventilated preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:113–121
  100. Ricard JD, Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Production of inflammatory cytokines in ventilator-induced lung injury: a reappraisal. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1176–1180
  101. Tsuchida S, Engelberts D, Roth M, McKerlie C, Post M, Kavanagh BP. Continuous positive airway pressure causes lung injury in a rat model of sepsis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;289:L554–L564
  102. Kramer BW, Jobe AH. The clever fetus: responding to inflammation to minimize lung injury. Biol Neonate. 2005;88:202–207
  103. May M, Marx A, Seidenspinner S, Speer CP. Apoptosis and proliferation in lungs of human fetuses exposed to chorioamnionitis. Histopathology. 2004;45:283–290
  104. Yoon BH, Romero R, Jun JK, et al. Amniotic fluid cytokines (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8) and the risk for the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;177:825–830
  105. Gomez R, Romero R, Ghezzi F, Yoon BH, Mazor M, Berry SM. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:194–202
  106. Van Marter LJ, Dammann O, Allred EN, et al. Chorioamnionitis, mechanical ventilation, and postnatal sepsis as modulators of chronic lung disease in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2002;140:171–176
  107. Groneck P, Götze-Speer B, Speer CP. Inflammatory bronchopulmonary response of preterm infants with microbial colonisation of the airways at birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996;74:F51–F55
  108. Cordero L, Ayers LW, Davis K. Neonatal airway colonization with Gram-negative bacilli: association with severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:18–23
  109. Rojas MA, Gonzalez A, Bancalari E, Claure N, Poole C, Silva-Neto G. Changing trends in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of neonatal chronic lung disease. J Pediatr. 1995;126:605–610
  110. Gonzales A, Sosenko IRS, Chandar J, Hummler H, Claure N, Bancalari E. Influence of infection on patent ductus arteriosus and chronic lung disease in premature infants weighing 1000 grams or less. J Pediatr. 1996;128:470–478
  111. Bancalari E, Claure N, Gonzales A. Patent ductus arteriosus and respiratory outcome in premature infants. Biol Neonate. 2005;88:192–201
  112. Wang EE, Matlow AG, Ohlsson A, Nelson SC. Ureaplasma urealyticum infections in the perinatal period. Clin Perinatol. 1997;24:91–105
  113. Yoder BA, Coalson JJ, Winter VT, Siler-Khodr T, Duffy LB, Cassell GH. Effects of antenatal colonization with Ureaplasma urealyticum on pulmonary disease in the immature baboon. Pediatr Res. 2003;54:797–807
  114. Kotecha S, Hodge R, Schaber JA, Miralles R, Silverman M, Grant WD. Pulmonary Ureaplasma urealyticum is associated with the development of acute lung inflammation and chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:61–68
  115. Schelonka RL, Katz B, Waites KB, Benjamin DK. Critical appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with metaanalytic techniques. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;12:1033–1039

PII: S1744-165X(06)00041-2

doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2006.03.004

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 11, Issue 5 , Pages 354-362 , October 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution