Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 127-133 , April 2007

Managing drug withdrawal in the newborn infant

  • Carl Kuschel

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationTel.: +64 9 307 4949; fax: +64 9 375 4373.

References 

  1. Ebrahim SH, Gfroerer J. Pregnancy-related substance use in the United States during 1996–1998. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101(2):374–379
  2. Arria AM, Derauf C, Lagasse LL, Grant P, Shah R, Smith L, et al. Methamphetamine and other substance use during pregnancy: preliminary estimates from the Infant Development, Environment, and Lifestyle (IDEAL) study. Matern Child Health J. 2006;10(3):293–302
  3. Brown JV, Bakeman R, Coles CD, Sexson WR, Demi AS. Maternal drug use during pregnancy: are preterm and full-term infants affected differently?. Dev Psychol. 1998;34(3):540–554
  4. Abdel-Latif ME, Pinner J, Clews S, Cooke F, Lui K, Oei J. Effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):e1163–e1169
  5. Martinez A, Kastner B, Taeusch HW. Hyperphagia in neonates withdrawing from methadone. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1999;80(3):F178–F182
  6. McCarthy J, Leamon MH, Parr MS, Anania B. High-dose methadone maintenance in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;193(3 Pt 1):606–610
  7. Rosen TS, Pippenger CE. Pharmacologic observations on the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. J Pediatr. 1976;88(6):1044–1048
  8. Mack G, Thomas D, Giles W, Buchanan N. Methadone levels and neonatal withdrawal. J Paediatr Child Health. 1991;27(2):96–100
  9. Berghella V, Lim PJ, Hill MK, Cherpes J, Chennat J, Kaltenbach K. Maternal methadone dose and neonatal withdrawal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189(2):312–317
  10. Dashe JS, Sheffield JS, Olscher DA, Todd SJ, Jackson GL, Wendel GD. Relationship between maternal methadone dosage and neonatal withdrawal. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100(6):1244–1249
  11. Harper RG, Solish G, Feingold E, Gersten-Woolf NB, Sokal MM. Maternal ingested methadone, body fluid methadone, and the neonatal withdrawal syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;129(4):417–424
  12. Ostrea EM, Chavez CJ, Strauss ME. A study of factors that influence the severity of neonatal narcotic withdrawal. Addict Dis. 1975;2(1–2):187–199
  13. Arlettaz R, Kashiwagi M, Das-Kundu S, Fauchere JC, Lang A, Bucher HU. Methadone maintenance program in pregnancy in a Swiss perinatal center (II): neonatal outcome and social resources. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84(2):145–150
  14. Kuschel CA, Austerberry L, Cornwell M, Couch R, Rowley RSH. Can methadone concentrations predict the severity of withdrawal in infants at risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome?. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F390–F393
  15. Kandall SR, Albin S, Gartner LM, Lee KS, Eidelman A, Lowinson J. The narcotic-dependent mother: fetal and neonatal consequences. Early Hum Dev. 1977;1(2):159–169
  16. Wilson GS, Desmond MM, Wait RB. Follow-up of methadone-treated and untreated narcotic-dependent women and their infants: health, developmental, and social implications. J Pediatr. 1981;98(5):716–722
  17. Sharpe C, Kuschel C. Outcomes of infants born to mothers receiving methadone for pain management in pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89(1):F33–F36
  18. Sarkar S, Donn SM. Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome in neonatal intensive care units: a national survey. J Perinatol. 2006;26(1):15–17
  19. Finnegan LP, Connaughton JF, Kron RE, Emich JP. Neonatal abstinence syndrome: assessment and management. Addict Dis. 1975;2(1–2):141–158
  20. Coyle MG, Ferguson A, Lagasse L, Oh W, Lester B. Diluted tincture of opium (DTO) and phenobarbital versus DTO alone for neonatal opiate withdrawal in term infants. J Pediatr. 2002;140:561–564
  21. O'Brien C, Hunt R, Jeffery HE. Measurement of movement is an objective method to assist in assessment of opiate withdrawal in newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F305–F309
  22. Theis JG, Selby P, Ikizler Y, Koren G. Current management of the neonatal abstinence syndrome: a critical analysis of the evidence. Biol Neonate. 1997;71(6):345–356
  23. Lipsitz PJ. A proposed narcotic withdrawal score for use with newborn infants. A pragmatic evaluation of its efficacy. Clin Pediatr. 1975;14(6):592–594
  24. Boukydis CFZ, Bigsby R, Lester BM. Clinical use of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Behavioural Scale. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 2):679–689
  25. Lester BM, Tronick EZ. History and description of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale. Pediatrics. 2004;113(3 Pt 2):634–640
  26. Koren G, Matsui D, Einarson A, Knoppert D, Steiner M. Is maternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the third trimester of pregnancy harmful to neonates?. CMAJ. 2005;172(11):1457–1459
  27. Sanz EJ, De-las-Cuevas C, Kiuru A, Bate A, Edwards R. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet. 2005;365(9458):482–487
  28. Swortfiguer D, Cissoko H, Giraudeau B, Jonville-Bera AP, Bensouda L, Autret-Leca E. Retentissement néonatal de l'exposition aux benzodiazépines en fin de grossesse [Neonatal consequences of benzodiazepines used during the last month of pregnancy]. Arch Pediatr. 2005;12(9):1327–1331
  29. Bauer CR, Langer JC, Shankaran S, Bada HS, Lester B, Wright LL, et al. Acute neonatal effects of cocaine exposure during pregnancy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(9):824–834
  30. Desmond MM, Schwanecke RP, Wilson GS, Yasunaga S, Burgdorff I. Maternal barbiturate utilization and neonatal withdrawal symptomatology. J Pediatr. 1972;80(2):190–197
  31. Coles CD, Smith IE, Fernhoff PM, Falek A. Neonatal ethanol withdrawal: characteristics in clinically normal, nondysmorphic neonates. J Pediatr. 1984;105(3):445–451
  32. McKim EM. Caffeine and its effects on pregnancy and the neonate. J Nurse Midwifery. 1991;36(4):226–231
  33. Ebbesen F, Joergensen A, Hoseth E, Kaad P, Moeller M, Holsteen V, et al. Neonatal hypoglycaemia and withdrawal symptoms after exposure in utero to valproate. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;83(2):F124–F129
  34. Tenenbein M, Casiro OG, Seshia MM, Debooy VD. Neonatal withdrawal from maternal volatile substance abuse. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1996;74(3):F204–F207
  35. Chasnoff IJ. Drug use and women: establishing a standard of care. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;562:208–210
  36. Ostrea EM, Knapp DK, Tannenbaum L, Ostrea AR, Romero A, Salari V, et al. Estimates of illicit drug use during pregnancy by maternal interview, hair analysis, and meconium analysis. J Pediatr. 2001;138(3):344–348
  37. Lester BM, ElSohly M, Wright LL, Smeriglio VL, Verter J, Bauer CR, et al. The Maternal Lifestyle Study: drug use by meconium toxicology and maternal self-report. Pediatrics. 2001;107(2):309–317
  38. Ostrea EM. Testing for exposure to illicit drugs and other agents in the neonate: a review of laboratory methods and the role of meconium analysis. Curr Probl Pediatr. 1999;29(2):41–56
  39. Ostrea EMJ, Matias O, Keane C, Mac E, Utarnachitt R, Ostrea A, et al. Spectrum of gestational exposure to illicit drugs and other xenobiotic agents in newborn infants by meconium analysis. J Pediatr. 1998;133(4):153–155
  40. Montgomery D, Plate C, Alder SC, Jones M, Jones J, Christensen RD. Testing for fetal exposure to illicit drugs using umbilical cord tissue vs meconium. J Perinatol. 2006;26(1):11–14
  41. Doberczak TM, Kandall SR, Wilets I. Neonatal opiate abstinence syndrome in term and preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1991;118(6):933–937
  42. Strauss ME, Andresko M, Stryker JC, Wardell JN, Dunkel LD. Methadone maintenance during pregnancy: pregnancy, birth, and neonate characteristics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;120(7):895–900
  43. D'Apolito K. Comparison of a rocking bed and standard bed for decreasing withdrawal symptoms in drug-exposed infants. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 1999;24(3):138–144
  44. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs . Neonatal drug withdrawal. Pediatrics. 1998;101(6):1079–1088
  45. Osborn DA, Jeffery HE, Cole M. Opiate treatment for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD002059;[CD002059.pub2]
  46. Osborn DA, Jeffery HE, Cole MJ. Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD002053;[CD002053.pub2]
  47. Johnson K, Gerada C, Greenough A. Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2003;88(1):F2–F5
  48. Jackson L, Ting A, McKay S, Galea P, Skeoch C. A randomised controlled trial of morphine versus phenobarbitone for neonatal abstinence syndrome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89(4):F300–F304
  49. Lainwala S, Brown ER, Weinschenk NP, Blackwell MT, Hagadorn JI. A retrospective study of length of hospital stay in infants treated for neonatal abstinence syndrome with methadone versus oral morphine preparations. Adv Neonatal Care. 2005;5(5):265–272
  50. Coyle MG, Ferguson A, LaGasse L, Lui J, Lester B. Neurobehavioral effects of treatment for opiate withdrawal. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2005;90:73–74
  51. Oei J, Feller JM, Lui K. Coordinated outpatient care of the narcotic-dependent infant. J Paediatr Child Health. 2001;37(3):266–270
  52. Shephard R, Greenough A, Johnson K, Gerada C. Hyperphagia, weight gain and neonatal drug withdrawal. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(9):951–953
  53. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs . Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):776–789
  54. Malpas TJ, Darlow BA. Neonatal abstinence syndrome following abrupt cessation of breastfeeding. N Z Med J. 1999;112(1080):12–13
  55. Slowik MK, Jhaveri R. Hepatitis B and C viruses in infants and young children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis. 2005;16(4):296–305
  56. Kashiwagi M, Arlettaz R, Lauper U, Zimmermann R, Hebisch G. Methadone maintenance program in a Swiss perinatal center: (I). Management and outcome of 89 pregnancies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2005;84(2):140–144
  57. Hunt CE, Hauck FR. Sudden infant death syndrome. CMAJ. 2006;174(13):1861–1869

PII: S1744-165X(07)00004-2

doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.004

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 127-133 , April 2007