Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 13, Issue 2 , Pages 103-108 , April 2008

Ethical aspects arising from non-invasive fetal diagnosis

References 

  1. Maron JL, Bianchi DW. Prenatal diagnosis using cell-free nucleic acids in maternal body fluids: a decade of progress. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2007;145:5–17
  2. Lo YM, Tsui NB, Chiu RW, et al. Plasma placental RNA allelic ratio permits noninvasive prenatal chromosomal aneuploidy detection. Nat Med. 2007;13:218–223
  3. Smith RP, Lombaard H, Soothill PW. The obstetrician's view: ethical and societal implications of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26:631–634
  4. Wertz DC, Fletcher JC. Ethical issues in prenatal diagnosis. Pediatr Ann. 1989;18:739–749
  5. Wikler D. Can we learn from eugenics?. J Med Ethics. 1999;25:183–194
  6. Mahowald MB. Prenatal testing for selection against disabilities. Camb Q Healthc Ethics. 2007;16:457–462
  7. Asch A. Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion: a challenge to practice and policy. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1649–1657
  8. Highfield R. Scientists close to safer testing of unborn babies. The Daily Telegraph. October 2005;14
  9. Katz Rothman B. The tentative pregnancy: how amniocentesis changes the experience of motherhood. New York: WW Norton; 1993;
  10. Tymstra T. Prenatal diagnosis, prenatal screening, and the rise of the tentative pregnancy. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 1991;7:509–516
  11. Lippman A. Prenatal genetic testing and screening: constructing needs and reinforcing inequities. Am J Law Med. 1991;17:15–50
  12. Bennett R. Antenatal genetic testing and the right to remain in ignorance. Theor Med Bioeth. 2001;22:461–471
  13. Wertz DC, Knoppers BM. Serous genetic disorders: can or should they be defined?. Am J Med Genet. 2002;108:29–35
  14. Boyle RJ, Savulescu J. Prenatal diagnosis for ‘minor’ genetic abnormalities is ethical. Am J Bioeth. 2003;3(1):W-IF 3
  15. Strong C. Tomorrow's prenatal genetic testing. Should we test for ‘minor’ diseases?. Arch Fam Med. 1993;2:1187–1193
  16. Atkins K. Autonomy and the subjective character of experience. J Appl Philos. 2000;17:71–79
  17. Wertz DC, Fletcher JC, Nippert I, Wolff G, Ayme S. Has patient autonomy gone too far? Geneticists’ views in 36 nations. Am J Bioeth. 2002;2(4):W21
  18. Duncan RE, Foddy B, Delatycki MB. Refusing to provide a prenatal test: can it ever be ethical?. BMJ. 2006;333:1066–1068
  19. Van Zwieten MC, Willems DL, Litjens LL, Schuring-Blom HG, Leschot N. How unexpected are unexpected findings in prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis? A literature review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2005;120:15–21
  20. Zamerowski ST, Lumley MA, Arreola RA, Dukes K, Sullivan L. Favorable attitudes toward testing for chromosomal abnormalities via analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood. Genet Med. 2001;3:301–309
  21. Marteau TM, Dormandy E, Michie S. A measure of informed choice. Health Expect. 2001;4:99–108
  22. Jepson RG, Hewison J, Thompson AG, Weller D. How should we measure informed choice? The case of cancer screening. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:192–196
  23. van Berkel D, van der Weele C. Norms and prenorms on prenatal diagnosis: new ways to deal with morality in counselling. Patient Educ Couns. 1999;37:153–163
  24. Hall S, Chitty L, Dormandy E, et al. Undergoing prenatal screening for Down's syndrome: presentation of choice and information in Europe and Asia. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007;15:563–569
  25. Clarke A. Genetic counselling. In:  Ashcroft RE,  Dawson A,  Draper H,  McMillan JR editor. Principles of health care ethics. 2nd ed.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 1997;p. 427–434
  26. Favre R, Duchange N, Vayssière C, et al. How important is consent in maternal serum screening for Down syndrome in France? Information and consent evaluation in maternal serum screening for Down syndrome: a French study. Prenat Diagn. 2007;27:197–205
  27. van den Berg M, Timmermans DR, ten Kate LP, van Vugt JM, van der Wal G. Informed decision making in the context of prenatal screening. Patient Educ Couns. 2006;63:110–117
  28. van den Berg M, Timmermans DR, Ten Kate LP, van Vugt JM, van der Wal G. Are pregnant women making informed choices about prenatal screening?. Genet Med. 2005;7:332–338
  29. http://www.babygendermentor.com/default.php [accessed 30 October 2007].
  30. Bianchi DW. At-home fetal DNA gender testing: Caveat emptor. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:216–218
  31. In:  Marteau TM,  Chitty L editor. Special issue—Fetal sexing: global perspectives on practices, Ethics and Policy. Prenat Diagn. 26:2006;p. 597–653
  32. Hyett JA, Gardiner G, Stojilkovic-Mikic T, et al. Reduction in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions by non-invasive determination of fetal sex in early pregnancy. Prenat Diagn. 2005;25:1111–1116
  33. Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority. Sex selection: options for regulation. 2003;Available from: http://www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/Final_sex_selection_main_report.pdf(para 27) [accessed 30 October 2007]
  34. McDougall R. Acting parentally: an argument against sex selection. J Med Ethics. 2005;31:601–605
  35. Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority. Sex selection: choice and responsibility in human reproduction; 2002. Available from: http://www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/Sex_Selection_choice_and_responsibility.pdfPart Five [accessed 30 October 2007]
  36. Steinbock B. Sex selection: not obviously wrong. Hast Cen Rep. 2002;32:23–28
  37. Goldenberg S. Mothers sue over gender test that promised 99.9% accuracy. The Guardian. 18 March 2006;17
  38. Guetta E. Noninvasive detection of fetal sex: the laboratory diagnostician's view. Prenat Diagn. 2006;26:635–636
  39. Li Y, Page-Christiaens G CML, Gille JJP, Holzgreve W, Hahn S. Non-invasive prenatal detection of achondroplasia in size-fractionated cell-free DNA by MALDI-TOF MS assay. Prenat Diagn. 2007;27:11–17
  40. Clarke A. The genetic testing of children. Working Party of the Clinical Genetics Society (UK). J Med Genet. 1994;31:785–797
  41. Duncan RE. Predictive testing in young people: when is it appropriate?. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40:593–598
  42. Annas GJ. Ethical aspects of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: medical, market, or regulatory model?. Early Hum Dev. 1996;47(Suppl):S5–S11
  43. Human Genetics Commission. Genes direct: ensuring the effective oversight of genetic tests supplied directly to the public; 2003. Available from: http://www.hgc.gov.uk/UploadDocs/DocPub/Document/genesdirect_full.pdf[accessed 30 October 2007]

PII: S1744-165X(07)00147-3

doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.12.004

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 13, Issue 2 , Pages 103-108 , April 2008

Article Tools