Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 5 , Pages 270-275 , October 2010

Systemic complications and hypothermia

  • Subrata Sarkar

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Address: Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, F5790 C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0254, USA. Tel.: +1 734 763 4109; fax: +1 734 763 7728.
  • ,
  • John D. Barks

References 

  1. Azzopardi D, Strohm B, Edwards AD, et al. Steering Group and TOBY Cooling Register participants Treatment of asphyxiated newborns with moderate hypothermia in routine clinical practice: how cooling is managed in the UK outside a clinical trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2009;94:F260–F264
  2. Zanelli SA, Naylor M, Dobbins N, et al. Implementation of a ‘Hypothermia for HIE’ program: 2-year experience in a single NICU. J Perinatol. 2008;28:171–175
  3. Gunn AJ, Gluckman PD. Head cooling for neonatal encephalopathy: the state of the art. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50:636–651
  4. Thoresen M. Supportive care during neuroprotective hypothermia in the term newborn: adverse effects and their prevention. Clin Perinatol. 2008;35:749–763vii
  5. Fairchild K, Sokora D, Scott J, Zanelli S. Therapeutic hypothermia on neonatal transport: 4-year experience in a single NICU. J Perinatol (in press), doi:10.1038/jp.2009.168.
  6. Hallberg B, Olson L, Bartocci M, Edqvist I, Blennow M. Passive induction of hypothermia during transport of asphyxiated infants: a risk of excessive cooling. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:942–946
  7. Thoresen M, Whitelaw A. Cardiovascular changes during mild therapeutic hypothermia and rewarming in infants with hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2000;106:92–99
  8. Gerrits LC, Battin MR, Bennet L, et al. Epileptiform activity during rewarming from moderate cerebral hypothermia in the near-term fetal sheep. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:342–346
  9. Battin M, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Rebound seizures during rewarming. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1369
  10. Schubert A. Side effects of mild hypothermia. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1995;7:139–147
  11. Gunn AJ. Cerebral hypothermia for prevention of brain injury following perinatal asphyxia. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2000;12:111–115
  12. Bower BD, Jones LF, Weeks MM. Cold injury in the newborn: a study of 70 cases. Br Med J. 1971;5169:303–309
  13. Culic S. Cold injury syndrome and neurodevelopmental changes in survivors. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:532–538
  14. Gandy GM, Adamson K, Cunningham N, et al. Thermal environment and acid–base homeostasis in human infants during the first few hours of life. J Clin Invest. 1964;41:751–758
  15. Laptook AR, Corbett RJ. The effects of temperature on hypoxic–ischemic brain injury. Clin Perinatol. 2002;29:623–649
  16. Hey EN, Kohlinsky S, O'Connell B. Heat-losses from babies during exchange transfusion. Lancet. 1969;1:335–338
  17. Greene PS, Cameron DE, Mohlala ML, Dinatale JM, Gardner TJ. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction due to mild hypothermia. Circulation. 1989;80:44–48
  18. Dudgeon DL, Randall PA, Hill RB, McAfee JG. Mild hypothermia: its effect on cardiac output and regional perfusion in the neonatal piglet. J Pediatr Surg. 1980;15:805–810
  19. Okada M. The cardiac rhythm in accidental hypothermia. J Electrocardiol. 1984;17:123–128
  20. Ilia R, Ovsyshcher I, Rudnik L, Gueron M. Atypical ventricular tachycardia and alternating Osborn waves induced by spontaneous mild hypothermia. Pediatr Cardiol. 1988;9:63–65
  21. Chen RY, Chien S. Hemodynamic functions and blood viscosity in surface hypothermia. Am J Physiol. 1978;235:H136–H143
  22. Benumof JL, Wahrenbrock EA. Dependency of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction on temperature. J Appl Physiol. 1977;42:56–58
  23. Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group . Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. [published correction appears in N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1756] N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549–564
  24. McIntyre AL, Fergusson DA, Hébert PC, Moher D, Hutchinson JS. Prolonged therapeutic hypothermia after traumatic brain injury in adults. JAMA. 2003;289:2992–2999
  25. Perlman JM, Tack ED, Martin T, Shackelford G, Amon E. Acute systemic organ injury in term infants after asphyxia. Am J Dis Child. 1989;143:617–620
  26. Shah P, Riphagen S, Beyene J, Perlman M. Multiorgan dysfunction in infants with post-asphyxial hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F152–F155
  27. Tsivyan PB, Vasenina AD. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in term neonates after mild perinatal asphyxia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1991;40:105–110
  28. Primhak RA, Jedeikin R, Ellis G. Myocardial ischaemia in asphyxia neonatorum. Electrocardiographic, enzymatic and histological correlations. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1985;74:595–600
  29. Weinrauch V, Safar P, Tisherman S, Kuboyama K, Radovsky A. Beneficial effect of mild hypothermia and detrimental effect of deep hypothermia after cardiac arrest in dogs. Stroke. 1992;23:1454–1462
  30. Safar P, Xiao F, Radovsky A, et al. Improved cerebral resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs with mild hypothermia plus blood flow promotion. Stroke. 1996;27:105–113
  31. Gunn TR, Outerbridge EW. Effectiveness of neonatal transport. Can Med Assoc J. 1978;118:646–649
  32. World Health Organization . Thermal protection of the newborn: a practical guide. Geneva: WHO/RHT/MSM/97.2; 1997;pp. 17–22
  33. Mathur NB, Krishnamurthy S, Mishra TK. Evaluation of WHO classification of hypothermia in sick extramural neonates as predictor of fatality. J Trop Pediatr. 2005;51:341–345
  34. Gunn AJ, Gluckman PD, Gunn TR. Selective head cooling in newborn infants after perinatal asphyxia: a safety study. Pediatrics. 1998;102:885–892
  35. Azzopardi D, Robertson NJ, Cowan FM, Rutherford MA, Rampling M, Edwards AD. Pilot study of treatment with whole body hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2000;106:684–694
  36. Battin MR, Dezoete JA, Gunn TR, Gluckman PD, Gunn AJ. Neurodevelopmental outcome of infants treated with head cooling and mild hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics. 2001;107:480–484
  37. Shankaran S, Laptook A, Wright LL, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy: animal observations as a basis for a randomized, controlled pilot study in term infants. Pediatrics. 2002;110:377–385
  38. Battin MR, Penrice J, Gunn TR, Gunn AJ. Treatment of term infants with head cooling and mild systemic hypothermia (35.0°C and 34.5°C) after perinatal asphyxia. Pediatrics. 2003;111:244–251
  39. Eicher DJ, Wagner CL, Katikaneni LP, et al. Moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: safety outcomes. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;32:18–24
  40. Eicher DJ, Wagner CL, Katikaneni LP, et al. Moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: efficacy outcomes. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;32:11–17
  41. Gluckman PD, Wyatt JS, Azzopardi D, et al. Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;365:663–670
  42. Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, et al. Whole-body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1574–1584
  43. Azzopardi DV, Strohm B, Edwards AD, et al. TOBY Study Group Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1349–1358
  44. Jacobs S, Hunt R, Tarnow-Mordi W, Inder T, Davis P. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;4:CD003311
  45. Shah PS, Ohlsson A, Perlman M. Hypothermia to treat neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161:951–958
  46. Schulzke SM, Rao S, Patole SK. A systematic review of cooling for neuroprotection in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy – are we there yet?. BMC Pediatr. 2007;7:30
  47. Gebauer CM, Knuepfer M, Robe-Tillig E, Pulzer F, Vogtmann C. Hemodynamics among neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy during whole-body hypothermia and passive rewarming. Pediatrics. 2006;117:843–850
  48. Battin MR, Thoresen M, Robinson E, Polin RA, Edwards AD, Gunn AJ Cool Cap Trial Group. Does head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia affect requirement for blood pressure support?. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1031–1036
  49. Rohrer MJ, Natale AM. Effect of hypothermia on the coagulation cascade. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:1402–1405
  50. Tooley J, Satas S, Eagle R, Silver IA, Thoresen M. Significant selective head cooling can be maintained long-term after global hypoxia ischemia in newborn piglets. Pediatrics. 2002;109:643–649
  51. Compagnoni G, Bottura C, Cavallaro G, Cristofori G, Lista G, Mosca F. Safety of deep hypothermia in treating neonatal asphyxia. Neonatology. 2007;93:230–235
  52. Guignard JP, Gilliéron P. Effect of modest hypothermia on the immature kidney. Acta Paediatr. 1997;86:1040–1041
  53. Sarkar S, Barks JD, Bhagat I, Donn SM. Effects of therapeutic hypothermia on multiorgan dysfunction in asphyxiated newborns: whole-body cooling versus selective head cooling. J Perinatol. 2009;29:558–563
  54. Karlsson M, Tooley JR, Satas S, et al. Delayed hypothermia as selective head cooling or whole body cooling does not protect brain or body in newborn pig subjected to hypoxia–ischemia. Pediatr Res. 2008;64:74–78
  55. Róka A, Vásárhelyi B, Bodrogi E, Machay T, Szabó M. Changes in laboratory parameters indicating cell necrosis and organ dysfunction in asphyxiated neonates on moderate systemic hypothermia. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96:1118–1121
  56. Thoresen M, Stone J, Hoem NO, Brun C, Satas S, Tooley J. Hypothermia after perinatal asphyxia more than doubles the plasma half-life of phenobarbitone. [abstract] Pediatr Res. 2003;53:873
  57. Shellhaas RA, Dillon CH, Barks JDE, Mehta V. Effect of therapeutic hypothermia on neonatal phenobarbital pharmacokinetics. [abstract] Ann Neurol. 2009;66:S125
  58. Róka A, Melinda KT, Vásárhelyi B, Machay T, Azzopardi D, Szabó M. Elevated morphine concentrations in neonates treated with morphine and prolonged hypothermia for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e844–e849
  59. Withington D, Menard G, Harris J, Kulkarni P, Donati F, Varin F. Vecuronium pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in infants and children. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47:1188–1195
  60. Liu X, Borooah M, Stone J, Chakkarapani E, Thoresen M. Serum gentamicin concentrations in encephalopathic infants are not affected by therapeutic hypothermia. Pediatrics. 2009;124:310–315
  61. Erecinska M, Thoresen M, Silver IA. Effects of hypothermia on energy metabolism in mammalian central nervous system. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2003;23:513–530
  62. Reuler JB. Hypothermia: pathophysiology, clinical settings, and management. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:519–527
  63. Greisen G. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in newborn babies. Early Hum Dev. 2005;81:423–428
  64. Gunn AJ, Bennet L, Gunning MI, Gluckman PD, Gunn TR. Cerebral hypothermia is not neuroprotective when started after postischemic seizures in fetal sheep. Pediatr Res. 1999;46:274–280
  65. Boelhouwer RU, Bruining HA, Ong GL. Correlations of serum potassium fluctuations with body temperature after major surgery. Crit Care Med. 1987;15:310–312
  66. Koht A, Cane R, Cerullo LJ. Serum potassium levels during prolonged hypothermia. Intensive Care Med. 1983;9:275–277
  67. Yoneda S, Ibara S, Kobayashi K, et al. Low adjusted serum ionized calcium concentration shortly after birth predicts poor outcome in neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2005;31:57–64
  68. Ilves P, Blennow M, Kütt E, et al. Concentrations of magnesium and ionized calcium in umbilical cord blood in distressed term newborn infants with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:1348–1350
  69. Akisu M, Huseyinov A, Yalaz M, Cetin H, Kultursay N. Selective head cooling with hypothermia suppresses the generation of platelet-activating factor in cerebrospinal fluid of newborn infants with perinatal asphyxia. Prostagl Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids. 2003;69:45–50

PII: S1744-165X(10)00012-0

doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2010.02.001

Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine
Volume 15, Issue 5 , Pages 270-275 , October 2010